tl;dr
For a single file, all you have to do is:

takeown /F C:\FULL_PATH_TO_FILE
icacls C:\FULL_PATH_TO_FILE /grant Administrators:F

For an entire directory, it’s a bit longer:

takeown /F C:\FULL_PATH_TO_FOLDER
takeown /F C:\FULL_PATH_TO_FOLDER /r /d y
icacls C:\FULL_PATH_TO_FOLDER /grant Administrators:F
icacls C:\FULL_PATH_TO_FOLDER /grant Administrators:F /t

Basically, this can be used to modify and overwrite Windows’s system files and other things you’re not supposed to touch. This can also be done from the GUI by assigning yourself to be the owner of the file, applying the change, closing the window, opening the permissions again, elevating to admin, and finally setting the permissions you would like.

Credit to Micah in the comments.